Materias primas críticas, modelos de depósitos y sistemas minerales
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Las materias primas críticas, o minerales críticos, constituyen un conjunto de materias primas de creciente importancia para la economía y la sociedad a escala mundial. Se obtienen del subsuelo como resultado de la exploración geológica y la minería. Por ello, es importante mostrar el vínculo existente entre ellas, los tipos de depósitos minerales donde se encuentran y los sistemas minerales de los cuales estos últimos forman parte. El trabajo persigue el objetivo de presentar los principales sistemas minerales portadores de materias primas críticas en Cuba y su distribución espacial en el territorio nacional. Como resultado de la búsqueda bibliográfica, la sistematización y la generalización de la información recopilada sobre materias primas críticas, se presenta un listado generalizado de las mismas y algunos hechos básicos relacionados con el concepto de materia prima crítica. Se expone la relación entre geología de los minerales críticos y la cadena de suministro, y se muestra cómo ellos se distribuyen por modelos de depósitos minerales y por sistemas minerales a escala mundial. En este contexto, se exponen los principales sistemas minerales portadores de los mismos en Cuba, así como su ubicación dentro del país. Se concluye que la distribución de los recursos geológicos (evaluados y potenciales por descubrir) de materias primas críticas en Cuba se concentran en cuatro sistemas minerales. De ellos, el más perspectivo, por la magnitud de su riqueza en recursos de mena, es el sistema mineral supergénico, portador de Ni, Co, Sc, Cr, EGP y ETR.
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